加工食品对营养和健康的影响—加工食品对人体健康的影响
What makes ultra-processed foods so bad for your health?
是什么让超加工食品对您的健康如此有害？
ultra-processed foods 超加工食品（图源：网络）
They are calorie-rich, nutrient-poor and hard to stop eating
它们热量丰富，营养贫乏，难以停止进食
[1] FOOD SHOPPING has become a dangerous pursuit. Nutritional horrors lurk on every shelf. Ready-meals are packed with salt and preservatives, breakfast cereals are sweeter than chocolate bars, and processed meats are packed with nitrite-preservatives, which can form harmful compounds when cooked. A new term is catching on to describe these nutritional bad guys: ultra-processed foods (UPFs). In his new book, “Ultra-Processed People”, Chris van Tulleken, a doctor and television presenter, argues that UPFs dominate the food supply in rich countries, and are also creeping into diets in low- and middle-income countries. As they proliferate, so do concerns about their effects on human health. Just how bad are UPFs, and what do they do to us?
[1] 食品购物已成为一种危险的追求。营养恐怖潜伏在每个架子上。即食食品含有盐和防腐剂，早餐麦片比巧克力棒更甜，加工肉类富含亚硝酸盐防腐剂，煮熟后会形成有害化合物。一个新术语正在流行来描述这些营养坏人：超加工食品（UPF）。医生兼电视节目主持人克里斯·范·图勒肯（Chris van Tulleken）在他的新书《超加工人》（Ultra-Processed People）中认为，UPF主导着发达国家的食品供应，并且也正在渗透到低收入和中等收入国家的饮食中。随着它们的扩散，人们对它们对人类健康的影响的担忧也在增加。UPF到底有多糟糕，它们对我们做了什幺？
✅ 词汇：
超加工食品（Ultraprocessed Foods, UPFs）是指经过一系列复杂的工业加工而制成的食品或饮料，通常添加了多种调味剂、着色剂、乳化剂及其他食品添加剂。 不经意之间，人类早已被超加工食品所“攻陷”。 环顾四周，薯条、披萨、饼干、糖果、冰淇淋、速冻食品、含糖饮料等等，均属于UPFs范畴。
lurk on 隐藏在; 潜伏上;
ready-meals 即食食品
preservative n. 防腐剂
nitrite n. 亚硝酸盐
catch on 理解, 变得流行
Ultra-processed foods 超加工食物
food supply食物供应
food supply chain 食品供应链; 供应链;
creep into 悄悄蔓延，悄悄渗透
proliferate vi. 激增；(迅速)繁殖；增生，扩散
[2] The concept of UPFs was devised by Carlos Monteiro, a Brazilian scientist, in 2009. His team of nutritionists observed that although people in Brazil were buying less sugar and oil, rates of obesity and type-2 diabetes were rising. That was because they were instead eating more sugar, fats and additives in packaged snacks and pre-made meals. In response, Mr Monteiro proposed a food classification system to take into account the degree of processing involved in the food supply.
（图源：网络）
[2] UPF的概念是由巴西科学家卡洛斯·蒙泰罗（Carlos Monteiro）于2009年提出的。他的营养学家团队观察到，尽管巴西人购买的糖和油较少，但肥胖和2型糖尿病的发病率正在上升。这是因为他们在包装零食和预制食品中吃了更多的糖、脂肪和添加剂。鉴于此，蒙泰罗先生提出了一个食品分类系统，以考虑食品供应所涉及的加工程度。
✅ 词汇：
devise vt. 想出；计划；设计；发明
obesity 肥胖，肥胖率
type-2 diabetes 2型糖尿病
additives 添加剂
pre-made meals 预制菜
In response 鉴于此
take into account 重视；考虑；体谅
account for 对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因;占比例
[3] Processing can make healthy foods unhealthy: fruit, for instance, goes from healthy to unhealthy as it is desiccated, squeezed or sweetened. Mr Monteiro’s system, called Nova, puts foods into four “buckets”: unprocessed and minimally processed foods; processed culinary ingredients; processed foods; and ultra-processed foods. This allows more fine-grained distinction between different degrees of processing. Thus staples such as rice, oil or flour, which all require minimal processing for consumption, do not belong in the same category as a Twinkie.
[3] 加工会使健康食品不健康：例如，水果在干燥、挤压或加糖时会从健康变成不健康。蒙泰罗先生的系统称为Nova，将食物放入四个“桶”中：未加工和最低限度加工的食品;加工的烹饪原料;加工食品;和超加工食品。这允许对不同程度的处理进行更细粒度的区分。因此，大米、油或面粉等主食都需要最少的加工才能食用，与 Twinkie 不属于同一类别。
✅ 词汇：
desiccate vt. 弄干,使脱水
squeeze vt. & vi. 挤, 榨, 捏
culinary adj. 厨房的, 烹饪的
staple n. 主要产品；钉书钉；主题；主食 vt. 用钉书钉钉住；把……分级 adj.主要的，大宗生产的；常用的；纺织纤维的
Twinkie :一种美国小吃蛋糕，在美国很受欢迎的休闲食品。（如图）
Twinkie （图源：网络）
[4] UPFs often go through many sophisticated industrial processes. That does not make them all unhealthy by default—a soya-based meat substitute can be part of a balanced meal—but the frequent consumption of UPFs causes a constellation of issues. Most contain a blend of artificial ingredients, plenty of salt and sugar, and few nutrients. Arguably, some UPFs are more akin to industrial products than food.
[4]UPF通常要经历许多复杂的工业过程。默认情况下，这并不会使它们都变得不健康 - 基于大豆的肉类替代品可以成为均衡膳食的一部分 - 但频繁食用UPF会导致一系列问题。大多数含有人造成分的混合物，大量的盐和糖，以及很少的营养。可以说，一些UPF更类似于工业产品而不是食品。
✅ 词汇：
Sophisticated 复杂的，老练的
Substitute 替代品
Constellation 星系，一系列相关事物
A constellation of issues 一系列问题
be akin to 近似; 类似于; 相似的;
[5] By dialling up their flavours and palatability, UPFs are engineered to be easier to eat in large amounts than whole foods (try leaving crisps at the bottom of the packet). The extent of the problem was revealed in 2019 by researchers at the National Institutes of Health in America who sequestered volunteers and offered two groups as much food as they wanted. Over a fortnight those on an ultra-processed diet ate some 500 more calories each day, roughly equivalent to a McDonald’s Big Mac, leading them to gain weight; those on the unprocessed diet ate less and slimmed down.
[5] 通过增加它们的味道和适口性，UPF 被设计成比全食更容易大量食用（尝试将薯片留在包装底部）。美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员在 2019 年揭示了问题的严重程度，他们隔离了志愿者，并为两组提供了他们想要的食物。在两周的时间里，那些超加工饮食的人每天多吃大约 500 卡路里，大致相当于麦当劳的巨无霸，导致他们体重增加;那些未加工饮食的人吃得更少，变得更瘦。
✅ 词汇：
Dial 拨(电话号码)；用矿用罗盘测量；调；用标度测量
Dial up 增加
Whole foods ： “全食”，是欧美最新的健康理念，顾名思义，就是完整的食品，指天然的食物，未加工处理，或以最少程度经过处理与精制过的食物。 也就意味着这些食物的营养素是完整的，强调食物的干净、自然和避免不必要的加工处理，不含人工添加物。
Sequester vt. 使隔绝；使隔离,<律>扣押
Equivalent adj. 等同的，等效的
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